Ndemanga
Mabatire a lithiamu-ion (LIBs) amatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamakina ofunikira kwambiri osungira mphamvu.Pamene kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamabatire kumawonjezeka, chitetezo cha batri chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri ngati mphamvuyo itatulutsidwa mwangozi.Ngozi zokhudzana ndi moto ndi kuphulika kwa LIBs zimachitika kawirikawiri padziko lonse lapansi.Zina zawopseza kwambiri moyo ndi thanzi la anthu ndipo zapangitsa kuti opanga azikumbukira zinthu zambiri.Zochitikazi ndi zikumbutso kuti chitetezo ndichofunika kwambiri kwa mabatire, ndipo nkhani zazikulu ziyenera kuthetsedwa musanagwiritse ntchito tsogolo la machitidwe a batri amphamvu kwambiri.Ndemanga iyi ikufuna kufotokoza mwachidule zoyambira zachitetezo cha LIB ndikuwunikira kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pamapangidwe azinthu kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo cha LIB.Tikuyembekeza kuti Ndemanga iyi ilimbikitsanso kuwongolera kwachitetezo cha batri, makamaka kwa ma LIB omwe akubwera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri.
ZOYAMBIRA ZINTHU ZA CHITETEZO CHA LIB
The organic liquid electrolyte mkati mwa LIBs ndi yoyaka moto.Chimodzi mwazolephera zowopsa kwambiri pamakina a LIB ndi kuthawa kwamphamvu kwamafuta, komwe kumadziwika kuti ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chachitetezo cha batri.Kawirikawiri, kuthawa kwa kutentha kumachitika pamene exothermic reaction ikupita patsogolo.Pamene kutentha kwa batire kumakwera pamwamba pa ~ 80 ° C, mphamvu yowonongeka ya mankhwala mkati mwa mabatire imawonjezeka ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa selo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwabwino.Kutentha kosalekeza kungayambitse moto ndi kuphulika, makamaka pama batire akuluakulu.Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi njira zothamangira kutentha kumatha kuwongolera mapangidwe azinthu zogwirira ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa LIBs.Njira yothamangitsira kutentha imatha kugawidwa m'magawo atatu, monga tafotokozera mwachiduleChithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1 Magawo atatu a njira yothamangitsira kutentha.
Gawo 1: Kuyamba kwa kutentha kwambiri.Mabatire amasintha kuchoka ku chikhalidwe kukhala chosazolowereka, ndipo kutentha kwa mkati kumayamba kuwonjezeka.Gawo 2: Kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi njira yotulutsa mpweya.Kutentha kwa mkati kumakwera mofulumira, ndipo batire imakumana ndi zochitika zowonongeka.Gawo 3: Kuyaka ndi kuphulika.Ma electrolyte oyaka moto amayaka, zomwe zimatsogolera kumoto komanso kuphulika.
Kuyamba kwa kutentha kwambiri (gawo 1)
Kuthamanga kwamafuta kumayambira pakutentha kwa batri.Kuwotcha koyambirira kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha batire yomwe imayendetsedwa mopitilira mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe idapangidwa (kuchulukirachulukira), kuwonetsa kutentha kwambiri, mabwalo amfupi akunja chifukwa cha mawaya olakwika, kapena mafupi amkati amkati chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma cell.Zina mwa izo, kuchepa kwamkati ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimathawira chifukwa cha kutentha ndipo ndizovuta kuwongolera.Kuperewera kwamkati kumatha kuchitika pakadutsa ma cell ngati kulowa kwa zinyalala zakunja;kugunda kwagalimoto;Lifiyamu dendrite mapangidwe pansi mkulu kachulukidwe kulipiritsa panopa, pansi pa zinthu overcharging kapena pa kutentha otsika;ndi zolekanitsa zolakwika zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi ya batire, kutchula zochepa.Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala 2013, galimoto ya Tesla pafupi ndi Seattle idagunda zinyalala zachitsulo zomwe zidaboola chishango ndi paketi ya batri.Zinyalalazo zidalowa m'malo olekanitsa ma polima ndikulumikiza mwachindunji cathode ndi anode, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti batire ikhale yocheperako ndikuyaka moto;mu 2016, Samsung Note 7 batire moto anali chifukwa mwamakani ultrathin olekanitsa kuti mosavuta kuonongeka ndi kuthamanga kunja kapena kuwotcherera burrs pa elekitirodi zabwino, kuchititsa batire kufupika kuzungulira .
Mugawo loyamba, kugwira ntchito kwa batri kumasintha kuchoka pazabwinobwino kupita kuchilendo, ndipo zonse zomwe zalembedwa pamwambapa zipangitsa kuti batire itenthe kwambiri.Kutentha kwa mkati kukayamba kuwonjezeka, gawo 1 limatha ndipo gawo lachiwiri limayamba.
Kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi njira yotulutsa mpweya (gawo 2)
Gawo 2 likayamba, kutentha kwamkati kumakwera mwachangu, ndipo batire imakumana ndi zotsatirazi (zotsatirazi sizichitika mwanjira yomwe wapatsidwa, zina zitha kuchitika nthawi imodzi):
(1) Kuwonongeka kolimba kwa electrolyte interphase (SEI) chifukwa cha kutenthedwa kapena kulowa mthupi.The SEI wosanjikiza makamaka amakhala khola (monga LiF ndi Li2CO3) ndi metastable [monga ma polima, ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li)2, ndi ROLi] zigawo zikuluzikulu.Komabe, zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwola zimatha kuwola mopitilira 90 ° C, kutulutsa mpweya woyaka ndi mpweya.Tengani (CH2OCO2Li)2 mwachitsanzo
(CH2OCO2Li)2→Li2CO3+C2H4+CO2+0.5O2
(2) Ndi kuwonongeka kwa SEI, kutentha kumamangirira, ndipo zitsulo za lithiamu kapena intercalated lifiyamu mu anode zidzachita ndi zosungunulira organic mu electrolyte, kutulutsa mpweya woyaka hydrocarbon (ethane, methane, ndi ena) .Izi ndi zomwe zimachititsa kuti kutentha kupitirire.
(3) PameneT> ~ 130 ° C, cholekanitsa cha polyethylene (PE)/polypropylene (PP) chimayamba kusungunuka, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuyendayenda kochepa pakati pa cathode ndi anode.
(4) Pamapeto pake, kutentha kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za lithiamu oxide oxide cathode ndipo kumatulutsa mpweya.Tengani LiCoO2 mwachitsanzo, yomwe imatha kuwola kuyambira ~ 180 ° C motere
Kuwonongeka kwa cathode kumakhalanso koopsa kwambiri, kumawonjezera kutentha ndi kupanikizika ndipo, chifukwa chake, kumafulumizitsa zomwe zimachitika.
Pa gawo lachiwiri, kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo mpweya umachulukana mkati mwa mabatire.Kuthamangitsidwa kwamafuta kumayambira pa siteji 2 mpaka 3 pakangotha mpweya wokwanira ndi kutentha kwa batire kuyatsa.
Kuyaka ndi kuphulika (gawo 3)
Pa gawo 3, kuyaka kumayamba.Ma electrolyte a LIBs ndi organic, omwe amakhala pafupifupi ophatikizika a cyclic ndi linear alkyl carbonates.Amakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndipo amatha kuyaka kwambiri.Kutengera chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha carbonate electrolyte [kusakaniza kwa ethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1 ndi kulemera)] monga chitsanzo, imawonetsa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wa 4.8 kPa kutentha kwa chipinda komanso kung'anima kotsika kwambiri. wa 25 ° ± 1 ° C pa kuthamanga kwa mpweya wa 1.013 bar.Mpweya wotulutsidwa ndi kutentha mu gawo 2 zimapereka mikhalidwe yofunikira pakuyaka kwa ma electrolyte oyaka, motero kumayambitsa ngozi yamoto kapena kuphulika.
M'magawo 2 ndi 3, zochitika za exothermic zimachitika pafupi ndi adiabatic mikhalidwe.Chifukwa chake, accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yomwe imatengera chilengedwe mkati mwa LIBs, zomwe zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa thermal runaway reaction kinetics.Chithunzi 2ikuwonetsa mapindikidwe amtundu wa ARC a LIB ojambulidwa panthawi yoyeserera nkhanza zamafuta.Kutengera kutentha kumawonjezeka mu gawo 2, gwero lakunja la kutentha limawonjezera kutentha kwa batri mpaka kutentha koyambira.Pamwamba pa kutentha uku, SEI imawola, zomwe zingayambitse kuopsa kwa mankhwala.Potsirizira pake, cholekanitsacho chidzasungunuka.Kutentha kodziwotcha kumawonjezeka pambuyo pake, kumayambitsa kuthawa kwa kutentha (pamene kutentha kwadzidzidzi ndi> 10 ° C / min) ndi kuyaka kwa electrolyte (siteji 3).
Anode ndi mesocarbon microbead graphite.Cathode ndi LiNi0.8Co0.05Al0.05O2.Electrolyte ndi 1.2 M LiPF6 mu EC/PC/DMC.Cholekanitsa cha Celgard 2325 trilayer chinagwiritsidwa ntchito.Zosinthidwa ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Electrochemical Society Inc.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zochita zomwe zasonyezedwa pamwambapa sizichitika motsatira ndondomeko yomwe yaperekedwa.M'malo mwake, ndizovuta komanso zovuta.
ZINA ZOMWE ZILI NDI KUSINTHA KWA BATIRI KWAMBIRI
Kutengera kumvetsetsa kwa kuthawa kwa batri, njira zambiri zikuphunziridwa, ndi cholinga chochepetsera zoopsa zachitetezo kudzera pamapangidwe anzeru a zigawo za batri.M'magawo otsatirawa, timapereka chidule cha njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira chitetezo cha batri, kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana othawirako kutentha.
Kuthetsa mavuto mu gawo 1 (kuyambira kwa kutenthedwa)
Zodalirika za anode.Mapangidwe a Li dendrite pa anode ya LIB amayambitsa gawo loyamba la kuthawa kwamafuta.Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi yachepetsedwa mu anodes a LIBs zamalonda (mwachitsanzo, carbonaceous anodes), mapangidwe a Li dendrite sanalepheretsedwe kwathunthu.Mwachitsanzo, mu LIB zamalonda, kuyika kwa dendrite kumachitika makamaka m'mphepete mwa ma elekitirodi a graphite ngati ma anode ndi ma cathode sanaphatikizidwe bwino.Kuphatikiza apo, magwiridwe antchito osayenera a ma LIB amathanso kupangitsa kuti Li zitsulo zikhale ndi kukula kwa dendrite.Zimadziwika bwino kuti dendrite ikhoza kupangidwa mosavuta ngati batire imayikidwa (i) pazitsulo zamakono zomwe kuyika kwa Li chitsulo kumakhala mofulumira kuposa kufalikira kwa Li ions mu graphite yochuluka;(ii) pansi pazifukwa zochulukirachulukira pamene graphite ili pamwamba;ndi (iii) pa kutentha kochepa [mwachitsanzo, kutentha kwapansi (~ 0 ° C)], chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa kukhuthala kwa electrolyte yamadzimadzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa Li-ion diffusion resistance.
Kuchokera kumalingaliro azinthu zakuthupi, chiyambi cha mizu chomwe chimatsimikizira kuyambika kwa kukula kwa Li dendrite pa anode ndi SEI yosakhazikika komanso yosasinthika, yomwe imayambitsa kugawa komweko komweko.Zigawo za Electrolyte, makamaka zowonjezera, zafufuzidwa kuti zikhale zofanana ndi SEI ndikuchotsa mapangidwe a Li dendrite.Zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaphatikizapo ma inorganic compounds [mwachitsanzo, CO2, LiI, etc.] ndi organic compounds okhala ndi unsaturated carbon bonds monga vinylene carbonate ndi maleimide zowonjezera;mamolekyu osakhazikika a cyclic monga butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, ndi zotumphukira zawo;ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorinated monga fluoroethylene carbonate, pakati pa ena.Ngakhale pamlingo wa milioni-miliyoni, mamolekyuwa amathabe kusintha maonekedwe a SEI, motero amagwirizanitsa ndi Li-ion flux ndikuchotsa kuthekera kwa Li dendrite mapangidwe.
Ponseponse, zovuta za Li dendrite zikadalipo mu graphite kapena carbonaceous anode ndi silicon / SiO yomwe ili ndi anode am'badwo wotsatira.Kuthetsa nkhani ya kukula kwa Li dendrite ndizovuta zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale kusintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu zamagetsi za Li-ion chemistries posachedwa.Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti, posachedwapa, kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwaperekedwa kuti athetse vuto la Li dendrite mapangidwe muzitsulo zoyera za Li metal anodes mwa homogenizing Li-ion flux panthawi ya Li deposition;mwachitsanzo, zoteteza wosanjikiza ❖ kuyanika , yokumba SEI engineering , etc. Pambali imeneyi, njira zina zingathe kuwunikira momwe angathanirane ndi vuto la carbonaceous anodes mu LIBs komanso.
Multifunctional madzi electrolytes ndi olekanitsa.Ma electrolyte amadzimadzi ndi olekanitsa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulekanitsa cathode yamphamvu kwambiri ndi anode.Choncho, opangidwa bwino multifunctional electrolytes ndi olekanitsa angathe kuteteza kwambiri mabatire pa siteji oyambirira batire matenthedwe runaway (siteji 1).
Kuteteza mabatire kuti asaphwanyidwe ndi makina, kumeta ubweya wothira madzi electrolyte wapezedwa mwa kuwonjezera kosavuta kwa silika wa fumed ku carbonate electrolyte (1 M LiFP6 mu EC/DMC) .Pakukakamizidwa ndi makina kapena kukhudzidwa, madzimadzi amawonetsa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndikuwonjezeka kwa viscosity, chifukwa chake amataya mphamvu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikuwonetsa kulekerera kuphwanya (Chithunzi 3A)
Chithunzi 3 Njira zothetsera mavuto omwe ali mugawo loyamba.
(A) Kumeta ubweya wa electrolyte.Pamwamba: Kwa electrolyte wamba, kukhudzidwa kwamakina kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa batri mkati, kumayambitsa moto ndi kuphulika.Pansi: Novel smart electrolyte yokhala ndi kumeta ubweya wa ubweya pansi pa kupsinjika kapena kukhudzidwa kumawonetsa kulolerana kwabwino kwambiri pakuphwanyidwa, komwe kungapangitse kwambiri chitetezo chamakina cha mabatire.(B) Olekanitsa Bifunctional kuti azindikire koyambirira kwa lithiamu dendrites.Mapangidwe a dendrite mu batire ya lifiyamu yachikhalidwe, pomwe kulowa kwathunthu kwa olekanitsa ndi lithiamu dendrite kumangodziwika pamene batire ikulephera chifukwa chafupipafupi mkati.Poyerekeza, batire lifiyamu ndi olekanitsa bifunctional (wokhala ndi wochititsa wosanjikiza sandwiched pakati pa olekanitsa awiri ochiritsira), kumene overgrown lithiamu dendrite likulowerera olekanitsa ndi kupanga kukhudzana ndi kuchititsa mkuwa wosanjikiza, chifukwa mu dontho muVCu−Li, yomwe imakhala ngati chenjezo la kulephera komwe kukubwera chifukwa chafupikitsa mkati.Komabe, batire lathunthu limagwirabe ntchito motetezeka ndi kuthekera kwa nonzero.(A) ndi (B) amasinthidwa kapena kupangidwanso ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Springer Nature.(C) Cholekanitsa cha Trilayer kuti chiwononge ma Li dendrite owopsa ndikukulitsa moyo wa batri.Kumanzere: Lithium anode amatha kupanga ma dendritic madipoziti, omwe amatha kukula pang'onopang'ono ndikulowa mu cholekanitsa cha polima cha inert.Pamene ma dendrites potsiriza akugwirizanitsa cathode ndi anode, batire imakhala yochepa ndipo imalephera.Kumanja: Chigawo cha silika nanoparticles chinapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za olekanitsa ma polima amalonda.Choncho, pamene lithiamu dendrites kukula ndi kulowa olekanitsa, iwo funsani silika nanoparticles mu sandwich wosanjikiza ndi electrochemically kudyedwa.(D) Kusanthula ma electron microscopy (SEM) chithunzi cha silika nanoparticle sandwiched separator.(E) Mpweya wofananira ndi nthawi ya batire ya Li/Li yokhala ndi cholekanitsa wamba (mpindi wofiyira) ndi silika nanoparticle sandwiched trilayer separator (curve yakuda) yoyesedwa pamikhalidwe yomweyi.(C), (D), ndi (E) apangidwanso ndi chilolezo kuchokera kwa John Wiley ndi Ana.(F) Chifaniziro chadongosolo la njira zowonjezera zowonjezera za redox shuttle.Pa cathode yochulukirachulukira, chowonjezera cha redox chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe [O], omwe pambuyo pake amachepetsedwa kubwerera ku chikhalidwe chake choyambirira [R] pamtunda wa anode ndi kufalikira kudzera mu electrolyte.Kuzungulira kwa electrochemical kwa oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion kumatha kusungidwa mpaka kalekale ndipo motero kumatseka kuthekera kwa cathode kuti zisawonongeke mowopsa.(G) Mapangidwe amtundu wazinthu zamtundu wa redox shuttle zowonjezera.(H) Njira zotsekera zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimatha kupangika polima pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri.(I) Zomwe zimapangidwira pazowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera.Zothekera zogwirira ntchito pazowonjezera zalembedwa pansi pa mamolekyu aliwonse mu (G), (H), ndi (I).
Olekanitsa amatha kutsekereza cathode ndi anode pakompyuta ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyang'anira thanzi la batri mu situ kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwina kwapita siteji 1. Mwachitsanzo, "separator bifunctional" yokhala ndi polima-metal-polymer trilayer configuration (Chithunzi 3B) atha kupereka ntchito yatsopano yozindikira magetsi.Pamene dendrite ikukula ndikufika pamtunda wapakati, idzagwirizanitsa chitsulo chosanjikiza ndi anode kotero kuti kutsika kwadzidzidzi pakati pawo kungathe kudziwika nthawi yomweyo ngati kutulutsa.
Kupatula kuzindikira, cholekanitsa cha trilayer chinapangidwa kuti chizitha kuwononga ma Li dendrite owopsa ndikuchepetsa kukula kwawo pambuyo polowa pa cholekanitsa.Gulu la silika nanoparticles, lopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za olekanitsa a polyolefin (Chithunzi 3, C ndi D), imatha kudya ma Li dendrite owopsa omwe amalowa, motero amawongolera chitetezo cha batri.Moyo wa batri yotetezedwa unakulitsidwa kwambiri pafupifupi kasanu poyerekeza ndi kukhala ndi zolekanitsa wamba (Chithunzi 3E).
Chitetezo chowonjezera.Kuchulukitsitsa kumatanthauzidwa ngati kulipiritsa batire kupitilira mphamvu yomwe idapangidwira.Kuchulukirachulukira kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kachulukidwe kakakulu kakanthawi kochepa, mbiri yolipiritsa mwaukali, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zitha kubweretsa zovuta zingapo, kuphatikiza (i) kuyika kwa Li chitsulo pa anode, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a batri ndi chitetezo;(ii) kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za cathode, kutulutsa mpweya;ndi (iii) kuwonongeka kwa organic electrolyte, kutulutsa kutentha ndi zinthu zamagesi (H2, ma hydrocarbons, CO, etc.), zomwe zimayang'anira kuthawa kwamafuta.Zotsatira za electrochemical panthawi ya kuwonongeka ndizovuta, zina zomwe zalembedwa pansipa.
Nyenyezi (*) imatanthawuza kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni umachokera ku protic, kusiya magulu opangidwa panthawi ya okosijeni ya carbonates pa cathode, yomwe imafalikira ku anode kuti ichepetse ndikupanga H2.
Pamaziko a kusiyana kwa ntchito zawo, zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zimatha kugawidwa ngati zowonjezera za redox shuttle ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera.Yoyamba imateteza selo kuti lisachuluke mowonjezereka, pamene yotsirizirayo imathetsa ntchito ya selo kwamuyaya.
Zowonjezera za redox shuttle zimagwira ntchito popewa kutulutsa kwamagetsi mu batri ikangowonjezera.Monga zikuwonetsedwa muChithunzi 3F, makinawa amachokera ku chowonjezera cha redox chomwe chimakhala ndi mphamvu ya okosijeni yotsika pang'ono kusiyana ndi kuwonongeka kwa electrolyte anodic.Pa cathode yochulukirachulukira, chowonjezera cha redox chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe [O], omwe pambuyo pake amachepetsedwa kubwerera ku chikhalidwe chake choyambirira [R] pamtunda wa anode pambuyo pa kufalikira kudzera mu electrolyte.Pambuyo pake, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimatha kufalikira ku cathode, ndipo electrochemical cycle ya "oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion" ikhoza kusungidwa kwamuyaya ndipo motero imatseka mphamvu ya cathode kuti isapitirire koopsa.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mphamvu ya redox ya zowonjezera ziyenera kukhala za 0,3 mpaka 0.4 V pamwamba pa mphamvu ya cathode.
Zina zowonjezera zokhala ndi zida zofananira bwino ndi mankhwala komanso kuthekera kwa redox zapangidwa, kuphatikiza organometallic metallocenes, phenothiazines, triphenylamines, dimethoxybenzenes ndi zotumphukira zake, ndi 2-(pentafluorophenyl) -tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodiodioChithunzi cha 3G).Pogwiritsa ntchito ma cell a ma cell, mphamvu zowonjezera za okosijeni zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala pamwamba pa 4 V, zomwe ndizoyenera kupanga zida za cathode zamphamvu kwambiri komanso ma electrolyte.Mfundo yofunikira yopangira ma elekitironi imaphatikizapo kutsitsa ma orbital omwe amakhala ndi ma molekyulu apamwamba kwambiri powonjezera zinthu zina zotulutsa ma elekitironi, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuthekera kwa okosijeni.Kupatula zowonjezera organic, mchere wina wa inorganic, womwe sungogwira ntchito ngati mchere wa electrolyte komanso utha kukhala ngati chotsekera cha redox, monga mchere wamagulu a perfluoroborane [ndiko kuti, lithiamu fluorododecaborates (Li2B12F)xH12-x)], zapezekanso kuti ndizowonjezera zowonjezera za redox shuttle .
Shutdown overcharge additives ndi gulu la zotetezera zosasinthika.Amagwira ntchito mwina potulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri, womwe umayendetsa chipangizo chosokoneza chapano, kapena polima mokhazikika pamagetsi amagetsi kuti athe kuletsa ntchito ya batri zisanachitike zowopsa (Chithunzi 3H).Zitsanzo zakale ndi xylene , cyclohexylbenzene, ndi biphenyl , pamene zitsanzo zotsirizirazi zikuphatikizapo biphenyl ndi zina zolowetsedwa m'malo onunkhira (Chithunzi 3I).Zotsatira zoyipa za zowonjezera zotsekera zikadali ntchito yayitali komanso kusungirako kwa LIBs chifukwa cha okosijeni wosasinthika wamaguluwa.
Kuthetsa mavuto mu gawo 2 (kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi njira yotulutsa mpweya)
Zida zodalirika za cathode.Lithium transition metal oxides, monga layered oxides LiCoO2, LiNiO2, ndi LiMnO2;Spinel-mtundu oxide LiM2O4;ndi polyanion mtundu LiFePO4, ndi otchuka ntchito zipangizo cathode, amene Komabe, ndi nkhani chitetezo makamaka pa kutentha.Pakati pawo, LiFePO4 yopangidwa ndi olivine imakhala yotetezeka, yomwe imakhala yokhazikika mpaka 400 ° C, pamene LiCoO2 imayamba kuwola pa 250 ° C.Chifukwa cha chitetezo chabwino cha LiFePO4 ndikuti ma ayoni onse a okosijeni amapanga zomangira zolimba zolumikizana ndi P5 + kuti apange PO43-tetrahedral polyanions, zomwe zimakhazikika pamapangidwe onse amitundu itatu ndikupereka kukhazikika bwino poyerekeza ndi zida zina za cathode, ngakhale zilipobe. pakhala ngozi zamoto za batri zomwe zanenedwa.Chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu cha chitetezo chimachokera ku kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za cathode pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutulutsidwa kwa okosijeni panthawi imodzi, zomwe pamodzi zingayambitse kuyaka ndi kuphulika, kusokoneza kwambiri chitetezo cha batri.Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a kristalo a layered oxide LiNiO2 ndi osakhazikika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa Ni2 +, kukula kwa ayoni komwe kuli kofanana ndi Li +.Li wopusaxNiO2 (x<1) imakonda kusintha kukhala gawo lokhazikika la spinel-mtundu LiNi2O4 (spinel) ndi mtundu wa rocksalt NiO, ndi mpweya wotulutsidwa mu electrolyte yamadzimadzi pafupifupi 200 ° C, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuyaka kwa electrolyte.
Kuyesetsa kwakukulu kwapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo kutentha kwa zinthu za cathode pogwiritsa ntchito doping ya atomu ndi zokutira zoteteza pamwamba.
Atomu doping imatha kukulitsa kukhazikika kwamafuta azinthu zosanjikiza za oxide chifukwa chazomwe zimakhazikika zamakristalo.Kukhazikika kwamafuta a LiNiO2 kapena Li1.05Mn1.95O4 kungawongoleredwe bwino polowa m'malo mwa Ni kapena Mn ndi zitsulo zina, monga Co, Mn, Mg, ndi Al.Kwa LiCoO2, kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu za doping ndi ma alloying monga Ni ndi Mn kumatha kukulitsa kutentha koyambira.Tdec, ndikupewanso zochita ndi electrolyte pa kutentha kwakukulu.Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa cathode nthawi zambiri kumabwera ndi nsembe zinazake.Kuti athane ndi vutoli, zida za cathode zokhazikika zamabatire a lithiamu omwe amatha kuwonjezeredwa kuzipangizo za lithiamu nickel cobalt manganese oxide apangidwa.Chithunzi 4A).Pankhani iyi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi gawo lapakati la Ni-rich ndi gawo lakunja la Mn-rich, ndikuchepetsa ndende ya Ni ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa Mn ndi Co pamene pamwamba ikuyandikira.Chithunzi 4B).Yoyamba imapereka mphamvu zambiri, pamene yotsirizirayi imapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale bata.Nkhani yatsopano ya cathode iyi idawonetsedwa kuti imathandizira chitetezo cha mabatire popanda kusokoneza machitidwe awo a electrochemical (Chithunzi 4C).
Chithunzi 4 Njira zothetsera mavuto omwe ali mu gawo 2: Ma cathodes odalirika.
(A) Chithunzi chojambula cha electrode particle yabwino yokhala ndi Ni-rich core yozunguliridwa ndi wosanjikiza-gradient wakunja.Chidutswa chilichonse chimakhala ndi Ni-rich central chochuluka Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 ndi Mn-rich akunja wosanjikiza [Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2] ndi kuchepa kwa Ni komanso kuchuluka kwa Mn ndi Co monga pamwamba ikuyandikira.Yoyamba imapereka mphamvu zambiri, pamene yotsirizirayi imapangitsa kuti kutentha kukhale bata.Kupanga kwapakati ndi Li(Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Chojambula chojambula cha electron micrograph chamtundu wamba chikuwonetsedwanso kumanja.(B) Electron-probe x-ray microanalysis zotsatira za final lithiated oxide Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa Ni, Mn, ndi Co mu interlayer kukuwonekera.Kukhazikika kwa Ni kumachepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa Co ndi Mn kumakwera pamwamba.(C) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) amafufuza akuwonetsa kutentha kwa ma electrolyte okhala ndi concentration-gradient material Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2, Ni-rich central material Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1) O2, ndi Mn-rich akunja wosanjikiza [Li(Ni0.46Co0.23Mn0.31)O2].Zidazo zidalipiridwa ku 4.3 V. (A), (B), ndi (C) zidapangidwanso ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Springer Nature.(D) Kumanzere: Kutumiza kwa ma electron microscopy (TEM) chithunzi chowala cha AlPO4 nanoparticle-chokutidwa LiCoO2;mphamvu dispersive x-ray spectrometry amatsimikizira Al ndi P zigawo zikuluzikulu mu ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza.Kumanja: Chithunzi cha TEM chokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba chosonyeza ma AlPO4 nanoparticles (~ 3 nm m'mimba mwake) munsanjika yokutira ya nanoscale;mivi imasonyeza mawonekedwe pakati pa AlPO4 wosanjikiza ndi LiCoO2.(E) Kumanzere: Chithunzi cha selo lomwe lili ndi cathode ya LiCoO2 yopanda kanthu pambuyo pa kuyesa kwa 12-V overcharge.Selo linapsa ndikuphulika pamagetsi amenewo.Kumanja: Chithunzi cha cell yomwe ili ndi AlPO4 nanoparticle-yokutidwa LiCoO2 pambuyo pa mayeso owonjezera a 12-V.(D) ndi (E) amapangidwanso ndi chilolezo chochokera kwa John Wiley ndi Ana.
Njira ina yowonjezeretsa kukhazikika kwamafuta ndi kuvala zinthu za cathode ndi zoteteza zowonda za Li + zomwe zimapanga matenthedwe, zomwe zingalepheretse kukhudzana kwachindunji kwa zinthu za cathode ndi electrolyte motero kuchepetsa zochita za mbali ndi kutulutsa kutentha.Zovalazo zikhoza kukhala mafilimu osasinthika [mwachitsanzo, ZnO , Al2O3, AlPO4, AlF3, etc.], omwe amatha kuchititsa Li ions atapangidwa (lithiated).Chithunzi 4, D ndi E), kapena mafilimu achilengedwe, monga poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), mafilimu otetezera opangidwa ndi zowonjezera za γ-butyrolactone, ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera (zopangidwa ndi vinylene carbonate, 1,3-propylene sulfite, ndi dimethylacetamide) .
Kuyambitsa zokutira ndi kutentha kwabwino koyezera kumakhala kothandiza pakuwonjezera chitetezo cha cathode.Mwachitsanzo, ma cathodes a poly(3-decylthiophene)–okutidwa ndi LiCoO2 amatha kutseka ma electrochemical reaction and side reactions akangotentha kutentha mpaka 80°C, popeza ma conductive polima wosanjikiza amatha kusintha mwachangu kukhala wotsutsa kwambiri.Zovala za oligomers odzipatula okha okhala ndi ma hyper-branched architecture amathanso kugwira ntchito ngati chotchinga choyankha kutentha kuti atseke batire kumbali ya cathode.
Thermally switchable panopa osonkhanitsa.Kuyimitsidwa kwamachitidwe a electrochemical panthawi ya kutentha kwa batri kumawonjezeka pagawo 2 kumatha kuletsa kutentha kuti zisachuluke.Kuthamanga komanso kusinthika kwa polima polima (TRPS) kwaphatikizidwira mkati mwa osonkhanitsa apano (Chithunzi 5A).Filimu yopyapyala ya TRPS imakhala ndi tinthu tating'ono tating'ono ta nickel (GrNi) to conductive graphene-coated spiky nanostructured nickel (GrNi) monga conductive filler ndi matrix a PE okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yowonjezera kutentha (α ~ 10−4 K-1).Makanema opangidwa ndi polima opangidwa ndi ma polima amawonetsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu (σ) kutentha kwachipinda, koma kutentha kuyandikira kutentha kosinthira (Ts), madutsidwe amachepetsa mkati 1 s ndi asanu ndi asanu ndi atatu madongosolo a ukulu chifukwa cha polima voliyumu kukula, amene amalekanitsa particles conductive ndi kuswa njira conductive (Chithunzi 5B).Kanemayo nthawi yomweyo amakhala insulating motero amathetsa ntchito ya batri (Chithunzi 5C).Njirayi ndi yosinthika kwambiri ndipo imatha kugwira ntchito ngakhale pambuyo pa zochitika zambiri zowotcha popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito.
Chithunzi 5 Njira zothetsera mavuto omwe ali mugawo 2.
(A) Chithunzi chojambula cha njira yosinthira kutentha kwa wosonkhanitsa wamakono wa TRPS.Batire yotetezeka ili ndi otolera m'modzi kapena awiri omwe ali ndi gawo lochepa la TRPS.Zimagwira ntchito nthawi zambiri kutentha.Komabe, pakakhala kutentha kwakukulu kapena kutentha kwakukulu, matrix a polima amakula, motero amalekanitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta conductive, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kuwongolera kwake, kukulitsa kukana kwake ndikutseka batire.Mapangidwe a batri amatha kutetezedwa popanda kuwonongeka.Pozizira, polima imachepa ndikubwezeretsanso njira zoyambira.(B) Kusintha kwa Resistivity kwa mafilimu osiyanasiyana a TRPS monga ntchito ya kutentha, kuphatikizapo PE/GrNi yokhala ndi zonyamula zosiyanasiyana za GrNi ndi PP/GrNi yokhala ndi 30% (v/v) yotsitsa GrNi.(C) Chidule cha kuchuluka kwa batire yotetezeka ya LiCoO2 pakati pa 25°C ndi kutseka.Kuchuluka kwa pafupifupi ziro pa 70 ° C kukuwonetsa kutseka kwathunthu.(A), (B), ndi (C) adapangidwanso ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Springer Nature.(D) Kuyimilira kwadongosolo kwa lingaliro lotsekeka lochokera ku microsphere-based LIBs.Electrodes ndi functionalized ndi ma microspheres thermoresponsive kuti, pamwamba kwambiri kutentha mkati batire, amadutsa matenthedwe kusintha (kusungunuka).Makapisozi osungunuka amavala ma electrode pamwamba, kupanga chotchinga chotchinga ndi kutseka batire.(E) Kakhungu kakang'ono komanso kodziyimira pawokha kopangidwa ndi 94% alumina particles ndi 6% styrene-butadiene rabara (SBR) binder idakonzedwa ndi njira yoponyera yankho.Kumanja: Zithunzi zosonyeza kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa cholekanitsa cha inorganic composite ndi cholekanitsa cha PE.Olekanitsa anachitidwa pa 130 ° C kwa mphindi 40.PE idatsika kwambiri m'derali ndi lalikulu la madontho.Komabe, cholekanitsa chophatikizika sichinawonetse kuchepa koonekeratu.Idapangidwanso ndi chilolezo kuchokera kwa Elsevier.(F) Mapangidwe a mamolekyu a ma polima osungunuka kwambiri ngati zida zolekanitsa zokhala ndi kutentha kochepa kwambiri.Pamwamba: polyimide (PI).Pakati: cellulose.Pansi: poly(butylene) terephthalate.(G) Kumanzere: Kufananiza mawonekedwe a DSC a PI ndi cholekanitsa cha PE ndi PP;cholekanitsa PI chimasonyeza kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha pa kutentha kwapakati pa 30 ° mpaka 275 ° C.Kumanja: Zithunzi za kamera ya digito kuyerekeza kunyowa kwa cholekanitsa malonda ndi cholekanitsa cha PI chopangidwa ndi propylene carbonate electrolyte.Adapangidwanso ndi chilolezo chochokera ku American Chemical Society.
Olekanitsa kutentha kwa kutentha.Njira ina yopewera mabatire kuti asathe kuthawa panthawi ya 2 ndikutseka njira yoyendetsera ma Li ions kudzera pa olekanitsa.Olekanitsa ndi zigawo zazikulu za chitetezo cha LIBs, chifukwa zimalepheretsa kukhudzana kwa magetsi pakati pa cathode yamphamvu kwambiri ndi zinthu za anode pamene zimalola mayendedwe a ionic.PP ndi PE ndizinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma zimakhala zosasunthika bwino, zomwe zimasungunuka ~ 165 ° ndi ~ 135 ° C, motsatira.Kwa LIB yamalonda, olekanitsa omwe ali ndi PP / PE / PP trilayer dongosolo akhala kale malonda, kumene PE ndi chitetezo wosanjikiza pakati.Pamene kutentha kwa mkati kwa batire kumawonjezeka pamwamba pa kutentha kwakukulu (~ 130 ° C), pulojekiti ya PE imasungunuka pang'ono, kutseka ma pores a filimu ndikuletsa kusamuka kwa ayoni mu electrolyte yamadzimadzi, pamene PP wosanjikiza amapereka chithandizo cha makina kuti asalowe mkati. kuchepa .Mosiyana, kutsekedwa kopangidwa ndi kutentha kwa LIB kungathenso kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito PE kapena paraffin wax microspheres monga chitetezo cha batri anode kapena olekanitsa.Pamene kutentha kwa batri lamkati kufika pamtengo wovuta kwambiri, ma microspheres amasungunuka ndi kuvala anode / olekanitsa ndi chotchinga chosasunthika, kuyimitsa kayendedwe ka Li-ion ndikutseka selo mpaka kalekale.Chithunzi 5D).
Olekanitsa okhala ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu kwamafuta.Pofuna kukonza kukhazikika kwamafuta olekanitsa mabatire, njira ziwiri zapangidwa zaka zingapo zapitazi:
(1) Zolekanitsa zokongoletsedwa ndi ceramic, zopangidwa ndi zokutira mwachindunji kapena kukula pamwamba kwa zigawo za ceramic monga SiO2 ndi Al2O3 pamalo olekanitsa a polyolefin omwe alipo kapena kukhala ndi ufa wa ceramic wophatikizidwa muzinthu zapolymeric (Chithunzi 5E), amawonetsa malo osungunuka kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamakina apamwamba komanso amakhala ndi matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri.Olekanitsa ena opangidwa kudzera munjira imeneyi agulitsidwa, monga Separion (dzina lamalonda).
(2) Kusintha zida zolekanitsa kuchokera ku polyolefin kupita ku ma polima osungunuka otentha kwambiri omwe amachepera pang'ono potenthetsa, monga polyimide, cellulose, poly(butylene) terephthalate, ndi ena ofanana ndi poly(esters) , ndi njira ina yabwino yopititsira patsogolo kukhazikika kwa kutentha. za olekanitsa (Chithunzi 5F).Mwachitsanzo, polyimide ndi polima ya thermosetting yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi njira yodalirika chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake kwamafuta (kukhazikika kupitirira 400 ° C), kukana kwamankhwala kwabwino, kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiri, kunyowa kwa electrolyte, komanso kuchedwa kwamoto.Chithunzi cha 5G).
Phukusi la batri lokhala ndi ntchito yozizira.Makina owongolera matenthedwe a chipangizo omwe amathandizidwa ndi kuzungulira kwa mpweya kapena kuziziritsa kwamadzi agwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a batri ndikuchepetsa kutentha.Kuonjezera apo, zipangizo zosinthira gawo monga sera ya parafini zaphatikizidwa mu mapaketi a batri kuti zikhale ngati zoyatsira kutentha kuti zithetse kutentha kwawo, motero kupewa kuwononga kutentha.
Kuthetsa mavuto mu gawo 3 (kuyaka ndi kuphulika)
Kutentha, mpweya, ndi mafuta, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "fire triangle," ndizofunikira pamoto wambiri.Pakuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi mpweya wopangidwa m'magawo 1 ndi 2, mafuta (ndiko kuti, ma electrolyte oyaka kwambiri) amangoyamba kuyaka.Kuchepetsa kuyaka kwa zosungunulira ma electrolyte ndikofunikira pachitetezo cha batri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa LIBs.
Zowonjezera zamoto-retardant.Kufufuza kwakukulu kwagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zowonjezera zoletsa moto kuti achepetse kuyaka kwa ma electrolyte amadzimadzi.Zambiri mwazowonjezera zoletsa moto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu electrolyte zamadzimadzi zimachokera ku organic phosphorous mankhwala kapena organic halogenated compounds.Popeza ma halogen ndi owopsa kwa chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu, ma organic phosphorus amapangidwa kuti akhale odalirika ngati zowonjezera zomwe zimaletsa moto chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo koletsa kuyatsa komanso kukonda chilengedwe.Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya phosphorous organic monga trimethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, bis(2-methoxyethoxy)methylallylphosphonate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethylene ethyl phosphate, etc.Chithunzi 6A).Njira yochepetsera malawi amafuta okhala ndi phosphorous nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yowononga kwambiri.Pa kuyaka, mamolekyu okhala ndi phosphorous amatha kuwola kukhala mitundu ya phosphorous yokhala ndi ma free-radicals, yomwe imatha kuthetseratu ma radicals (mwachitsanzo, ma radicals a H ndi OH) omwe amapangidwa pakufalitsa kwa unyolo komwe kumayambitsa kuyaka kosalekeza.Chithunzi 6, B ndi C).Tsoka ilo, kuchepa kwa kuyaka ndi kuwonjezeredwa kwa zinthu zoziziritsa moto zomwe zili ndi phosphorous kumabwera chifukwa cha ntchito ya electrochemical.Kuti apititse patsogolo malondawa, ofufuza ena apanga zosintha zina zamapangidwe awo a maselo: (i) Fluorination ya alkyl phosphates ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwawo kochepetsetsa komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo zamoto;(ii) kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi zoteteza kupanga filimu komanso kutentha kwamoto, monga bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, kumene magulu a allylic amatha kupanga polymeri ndi kupanga filimu yokhazikika ya SEI pamtunda wa graphite, motero kuteteza mbali yowopsa. machitidwe;(iii) kusintha kwa P(V) phosphate kukhala P(III) phosphites, komwe kumathandizira kupanga SEI ndipo kumatha kuletsa PF5 yowopsa [mwachitsanzo, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite];ndi (iv) kuchotsa zowonjezera za organophosphorus ndi cyclic phosphazenes, makamaka fluorinated cyclophosphazene, zomwe zapititsa patsogolo kugwirizanitsa kwa electrochemical.
Chithunzi 6 Njira zothetsera mavuto mu gawo 3.
(A) Mapangidwe a mamolekyu omwe ali ndi zowonjezera zosagwiritsa ntchito malawi.(B) Njira yochepetsera moto wamafuta omwe ali ndi phosphorous nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yothamangitsa kwambiri, yomwe imatha kuthetseratu zochitika zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayambitsa kuyaka kwa gasi.TPP, triphenyl phosphate.(C) Nthawi yozimitsa yokha (SET) ya carbonate electrolyte yeniyeni ikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezera kwa triphenyl phosphate.(D) Schematic of "smart" electrospun separator with thermal-triggered flame-retardant properties for LIBs.Cholekanitsa choyima chaulere chimapangidwa ndi ma microfiber okhala ndi chipolopolo chapakati, pomwe chotchingira moto chimakhala pachimake ndipo polima ndi chipolopolo.Pakuwotcha kwamafuta, chipolopolo cha polima chimasungunuka ndiyeno chotchinga chamoto chotsekeredwa chimatulutsidwa mu electrolyte, motero kuletsa kuyatsa ndi kuyaka kwa ma electrolyte.(E) Chithunzi cha SEM cha TPP@PVDF-HFP ma microfibers pambuyo popachika chikuwonetsa bwino kapangidwe kawo kachipolopolo.Sikelo, 5 μm.(F) Maselo amtundu wamadzi amadzi otentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma electrolyte osayaka a LIBs.(G) Mapangidwe a maselo a PFPE, analogi ya PEO yosayaka.Magulu awiri a methyl carbonate amasinthidwa pama terminal a unyolo wa polima kuti awonetsetse kuti mamolekyu amagwirizana ndi machitidwe a batri apano.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala kusinthanitsa pakati pa kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa electrolyte ndi magwiridwe antchito a cell pazowonjezera zomwe zalembedwa, ngakhale kuti kusokoneza uku kwasinthidwa kudzera pamapangidwe apamwambawa.Njira inanso yothanirana ndi vutoli ndikuphatikizira choletsa moto mkati mwa chigoba choteteza cha polima cha ma microfibers, omwe amasanjidwanso kuti apange cholekanitsa chosawomba.Chithunzi 6D).Cholekanitsa chatsopano cha electrospun nonwoven microfiber chokhala ndi zinthu zoletsa kutentha kwamoto chinapangidwira ma LIB.Kutsekeka kwa flame retardant mkati mwa chipolopolo cha polima choteteza kumalepheretsa kuyatsa kwamoto ku electrolyte, kuletsa zotsatira zoyipa kuchokera ku retardants pakuchita kwa batire la electrochemical (Chithunzi 6E).Komabe, ngati kutha kwa batire la LIB kumachitika, chipolopolo cha poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF-HFP) chimasungunuka kutentha kumawonjezeka.Ndiye encapsulated triphenyl phosphate flame retardant idzatulutsidwa mu electrolyte, motero kulepheretsa kuyaka kwa electrolyte yoyaka kwambiri.
Lingaliro la "electrolyte wothira mchere" linapangidwanso kuti athetse vutoli.Ma electrolyte ozimitsa moto awa amabatire omwe amatha kuchajitsidwanso ali ndi LiN(SO2F)2 monga mchere komanso chotsitsa chamoto chodziwika bwino cha trimethyl phosphate (TMP) ngati chosungunulira chokha.Kupanga modzidzimutsa kwa SEI yolimba yochokera ku mchere wopangidwa ndi mchere pa anode ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kukhazikika kwa electrochemical.Njira yatsopanoyi imatha kukulitsidwa kuzinthu zina zoletsa moto ndipo zitha kutsegulira njira yatsopano yopangira zosungunulira zosagwira ntchito ndi malawi a LIB otetezeka.
Ma electrolyte amadzimadzi osayaka.Njira yothetsera vuto la chitetezo cha electrolyte ingakhale kupanga ma electrolyte osayaka.Gulu limodzi la ma electrolyte osayaka omwe aphunziridwa mozama ndi zakumwa za ayoni, makamaka zamadzimadzi zomwe sizimatenthedwa (palibe mphamvu ya nthunzi yochepera 200 ° C) komanso yosapsa ndipo imakhala ndi zenera lalikulu la kutentha.Chithunzi 6F).Komabe, kufufuza kosalekeza kumafunikabe kuti athetse mavuto otsika mtengo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwawo kwapamwamba, chiwerengero chotsika cha Li chosinthira, kusakhazikika kwa cathodic kapena reductive, komanso kukwera mtengo kwa zakumwa za ionic.
Low-molecular kulemera hydrofluoroethers ndi gulu lina la nonflammable madzi electrolyte chifukwa cha kung'anima awo mkulu kapena palibe kung'anima, nonflammability, otsika pamwamba mavuto, otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe, otsika kuzizira kutentha, etc.Mapangidwe oyenerera a mamolekyu amayenera kupangidwa kuti azitha kusintha mawonekedwe awo amankhwala kuti agwirizane ndi ma electrolyte a batri.Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi chomwe chanenedwa posachedwapa ndi perfluoropolyether (PFPE), analogi ya perfluorinated polyethylene oxide (PEO) yomwe imadziwika bwino chifukwa chosapsa.Chithunzi cha 6G).Magulu awiri a methyl carbonate amasinthidwa pamagulu omaliza a unyolo wa PFPE (PFPE-DMC) kuti awonetsetse kuti mamolekyu amagwirizana ndi ma batire apano.Chifukwa chake, kusayaka komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta a PFPE kumatha kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha ma LIBs kwambiri kwinaku ndikuwonjezera nambala yosinthira ma electrolyte chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka maselo.
Gawo 3 ndi gawo lomaliza koma lofunikira kwambiri pakutha kwa kutentha.Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ngakhale kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwaperekedwa kuti kuchepetsa kuyaka kwa electrolyte yamadzimadzi yamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito ma electrolyte olimba omwe ali osasunthika amasonyeza lonjezo lalikulu.Ma electrolyte olimba amagwera m'magulu awiri: ma electrolytes a ceramic ceramic [sulfides, oxides, nitrides, phosphates, etc.] ndi ma electrolyte olimba a polima [ophatikiza mchere wa Li ndi ma polima, monga poly(ethylene oxide), polyacrylonitrile, etc.] .Kuyesetsa kukonza ma electrolyte olimba sikudzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane apa, chifukwa mutuwu wafotokozedwa kale mwachidule mu ndemanga zaposachedwa.
MAONERO
M'mbuyomu, zida zambiri zatsopano zidapangidwa kuti zithandizire chitetezo cha batri, ngakhale vutoli silinatheretu.Kuphatikiza apo, njira zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta zachitetezo zimasiyanasiyana pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya batri.Chifukwa chake, zida zapadera zopangidwira mabatire osiyanasiyana ziyenera kupangidwa.Tikukhulupirira kuti njira zogwirira ntchito komanso zida zopangidwa bwino zidakali zodziwika.Apa, tikulemba mayendedwe angapo zotheka kafukufuku wamtsogolo wachitetezo cha batri.
Choyamba, ndikofunikira kupanga in situ kapena njira za operando kuti muzindikire ndikuwunika momwe thanzi lamkati la LIB likuyendera.Mwachitsanzo, kuthawa kwa kutentha kumayenderana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa mkati kapena kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu mkati mwa LIBs.Komabe, kagawidwe ka kutentha mkati mwa mabatire ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo njira zimafunikira kuti muwunikire bwino ma electrolyte ndi maelekitirodi, komanso olekanitsa.Chifukwa chake, kutha kuyeza magawo awa pazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire ndikupewa kuopsa kwa chitetezo cha batri.
Kukhazikika kwamafuta kwa olekanitsa ndikofunikira pachitetezo cha batri.Ma polima omwe angopangidwa kumene okhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri amakhala othandiza pakuwonjezera kukhulupirika kwamafuta olekanitsa.Komabe, mawonekedwe awo amakina akadali otsika, amachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwawo pakuphatikiza batri.Komanso, mtengo ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kupanga ma electrolyte olimba kumawoneka ngati njira yothetsera vuto lachitetezo cha ma LIB.Electrolyte yolimba idzachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwa kuperewera kwa batri mkati, komanso kuopsa kwa moto ndi kuphulika.Ngakhale kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwaperekedwa kupititsa patsogolo ma electrolyte olimba, ntchito yawo ikupitirirabe kumbuyo kwa ma electrolyte amadzimadzi.Zophatikizika za ma electrolyte a inorganic ndi ma polima amawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu, koma amafunikira kapangidwe kake komanso kukonzekera.Timatsindika kuti mapangidwe oyenera a ma inorganic-polymer interfaces ndi uinjiniya wamalumikizidwe awo ndi ofunikira kuti ayendetse bwino Li-ion.
Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti electrolyte madzi si batire chigawo chimodzi kuti ndi kuyaka.Mwachitsanzo, ma LIB akakhala ndi charger kwambiri, zida zoyaka za lithiated anode (mwachitsanzo, lithiated graphite) zilinso vuto lalikulu lachitetezo.Zoletsa moto zomwe zimatha kuyimitsa moto pazinthu zolimba zimafunidwa kwambiri kuti ziwonjezere chitetezo chawo.The retardants lawi akhoza kusakaniza ndi graphite mu mawonekedwe a polima binders kapena conductive frameworks.
Kutetezedwa kwa batri ndizovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri.Tsogolo lachitetezo cha batri likufuna kuyesetsa kwambiri mu maphunziro ofunikira amakanika kuti timvetsetse mozama kuphatikiza pa njira zapamwamba zofotokozera, zomwe zitha kupereka zambiri pakuwongolera kapangidwe kazinthu.Ngakhale kuti Ndemangayi ikuyang'ana pa chitetezo cha zipangizo, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti njira yowonjezera ndiyofunikanso kuthetsa nkhani ya chitetezo cha LIBs, kumene zipangizo, zigawo za cell ndi mawonekedwe, ndi batri module ndi mapaketi zimagwira ntchito zofanana kupanga mabatire odalirika kale. amamasulidwa kumsika.
MALONJE NDI MAWU
Kai Liu, Yayuan Liu, DingchangLin, Allen Pei, Yi Cui, Zipangizo zachitetezo cha batri la lithiamu-ion, ScienceAdvances, DOI:10.1126/sciadv.aas9820
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-05-2021
